Comparação das medidas refratométricas através da utilização do Photoscreener 2win® e da retinoscopia manual em pré-escolares assintomáticos / Comparison of refractometric measurements using 2win® Photoscreener and manual retinoscopy in asymptomatic preschoolers

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia da refratometria obtida através do aparelho photoscreener 2WIN® como método de rastreio de ametropias com indicação de prescrição de óculos pelos critérios da Sociedade Brasileira de Oftalmopediatria em crianças assintomáticas, de origem extra-hospitalar, de 6 a 36 meses de idade, e determinar se a cicloplegia influencia a capacidade de rastreio do aparelho. Métodos: Cento e setenta e oito (178) de crianças com idades entre 6 e 36 meses tiveram sua refratometria mensurada pelo método padrão-ouro, a retinoscopia manual sob cicloplegia, e pelo método em teste, o photoscreener 2WIN®, antes e após a cicloplegia. Resultados: O photoscreener 2WIN® é capaz de identificar aqueles pacientes que deveriam receber prescrição de óculos pelos critérios da Sociedade Brasileira de Oftalmopediatria com sensibilidade de 100%, especificidade de 93,18% e acurácia de 93,26%, quando comparado a retinoscopia estática. Sob cicloplegia, o 2WIN® mantém sensibilidade de 100%, porém aumenta sua especificidade para 96,59% e a acurácia para 96,63%. Conclusão: O photoscreener 2WIN® se mostrou altamente sensível, específico e acurado para uso como equipamento de triagem daqueles pacientes de 6 a 36 meses que se beneficiariam do uso de óculos pelos critérios da Sociedade Brasileira de Oftalmopediatria, com discreto aumento da especificidade e acurácia quando aplicado em pacientes cicloplegiados.

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the sensitivity, specificity e accuracy of the ocular refraction measured by the 2WIN® photoscreener as a screening method to identify children in need of spectacles prescription according to the criteria published by the Brazilian Society of Pediatric Ophthalmology (BSPO) in asymptomatic children, 6 to 36 months old, and determine the impact of cycloplegia in the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of this method. Methods: One hundred seventy-eight (178) eyes of asymptomatic children between the ages of 6 and 36 months have been submitted to ocular refraction measurements by the gold-standard method, the manual retinoscopy under cycloplegia, and the method been tested, the 2WIN® photoscreening, both before and under cycloplegia. Results: The 2WIN® photoscreener before cycloplegia was able to identify those patients in need of spectacles prescription according to the criteria published by the BSPO with 100% sensitivity, 93.18% specificity and 93.26% accuracy, when compared to the manual retinoscopy under cycloplegia. The 2WIN® photoscreener under cycloplegia maintained a sensitivity of 100%, but increased specificity to 96.59% and accuracy to 96.63%. Conclusion: The 2WIN® photoscreener before cycloplegia showed high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in detection of patients in need of spectacles prescription according to the criteria published by the BSPO in the tested population, with minor increase in specificity and accuracy when the measurements were performed under cycloplegia.

Precisão da retinoscopia sem lentes neutralizadoras na hipermetropia experimental de olho artificial / Accuracy limits of retinoscopy without neutralising lenses for evaluation of experimental hypermetropia in a model eye

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acurácia e a precisão da retinoscopia sem lentes neutralizadoras na hipermetropia experimental de olho artificial. MÉTODOS: Observação da projeção da faixa do retinoscópio em olho artificial preparado para apresentar hipermetropias de +1,00 D a +8,00 D. A movimentação da faixa é feita simultaneamente com a variação da sua largura, deslocando a luva do retinoscópio até a obtenção da neutralização do movimento. O retinoscópio foi preparado para dois modos de medida: com escala milimétrica sob a luva e com acoplamento a potenciômetro ligado a multímetro de leitura digital em ohms (Ù). Oito médicos oftalmologistas realizaram 1200 retinoscopias em cada modo de medida, num total de 2400. Calculou-se a média e o desvio padrão das observações. Para comparar os resultados em mm e em ohms (Ù) calculou-se o coeficiente de variação (CV) a partir dos desvios padrão das observações em cada modo. RESULTADOS: Pelos modos descritos foi possível estimar hipermetropias até +4,00 dioptrias. CONCLUSÃO: A acurácia e a reprodutibilidade experimentais foram boas na identificação de hipermetropias até +4 ,00 D.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate accuracy and reproducibility of streak retinoscopy without neutralising lenses in experimental hyperopia of an artificial eye. METHODS: Observe a Welsh Allynretinoscope streak through the pupil of an artificial eye prepared do show hyperopia from +1,00 D to +8,00 D. The streak was moved while varying its width by sliding the sleeve upwards until neutralisation point. The retinoscope was fitted either with a millimetre scale under the sleeve or with a multimetre connected to a rheostat driven by a spool snugly fastened around the sleeve. Multimetre readings were taken in ohms (Ù). Eight ophthalmologists performed 1200 in each mode totalysing 2400 readings. Average and standard deviation of the readings in each mode were determined, as well as the variation coefficient in order to allow comparison of results in millimetre and Ù. RESULTS: Based on the proposed method it was possible to estimate hyperopia up to +4,00 D. CONCLUSION: Accuracy and reproducibility in experimental hyperopia of an artificial eye was feasible up to +4,00 D.

Dynamic distance direct ophthalmoscopy, a novel technique to assess accommodation in children.

Aim: To describe and compare dynamic distance direct ophthalmoscopy (DDDO) with dynamic retinoscopy (DR) in assessment of accommodation in children. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study had four components. Component 1: to understand the characteristic digital images of DDDO. Component 2: to compare DDDO with DR for detection of accommodative defects in children (1–16 years). Component 3: to compare DDDO with DR for the detection of completeness of pharmacologically induced cycloplegia in children (5–16 years) and Component 4: to assess which one of the two techniques was more sensitive to detect onset of cycloplegia after instillation of 1% cyclopentolate eye drops. Results: Component 1: image analysis of DDDO on two subjects (7 years and 35 years) demonstrated superior pupillary crescent that progressively disappeared with increasing accommodation. Concurrently an inferior crescent appeared that became bigger in size with increasing accommodation. Component 2: the prevalence of defects in accommodation was 3.3% (33/1000 children). Three had unilateral accommodation failure. Sensitivity of DDDO was 94%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100%, negative predictive value 99%, and clinical agreement (kappa) 0.97. Component 3: in the detection of completeness of pharmacologically induced cycloplegia (n=30), the sensitivity of DDDO was 94%, specificity 96%, positive predictive value 97%, negative predictive value 93% and kappa 0.9. DR had two false positives. DDDO had one false negative. Component 4: DDDO detected onset of pharmacologically induced cycloplegia 5 min earlier than DR (n=5). Conclusion: DDDO is a novel, simple, clinical and reliable method to assess accommodation in young children. This test can assess the accommodative response of both eyes simultaneously.

Fator de correção para indivíduos com capacidade acomodativa baseado no uso do refrator automático / Correction factor for individuals with accommodative capacity based on automated refractor

OBJETIVO: Pesquisar um fator de correção para avaliação do erro refrativo sem a utilização da cicloplegia. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 623 pacientes (1.246 olhos), de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 3 e 40 anos. As refratometrias estática e dinâmica foram obtidas usando-se o refrator automático Shin-Nippon Accuref-K 9001. A cicloplegia foi obtida com a instilação de uma gota de colírio ciclopentolato a 1 por cento, com refratometria estática 30 minutos após. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística usando a técnica do modelo de regressão linear e modelo de regressão múltipla do valor dióptrico com e sem cicloplegia, em função da idade. RESULTADOS: A correlação entre valores dióptricos sem e com cicloplegia quanto ao erro astigmático variou de 81,52 por cento a 92,27 por cento. Quanto ao valor dióptrico esférico, a correlação foi menor (53,57 por cento a 87,78 por cento). O mesmo se observou em relação ao eixo do astigmatismo (28,86 por cento a 58,80 por cento). O modelo de regressão múltipla em função da idade mostrou coeficiente de determinação múltiplo maior para a miopia (86,38 por cento) e astigmatismo (79,79 por cento). O menor coeficiente foi observado para o eixo do astigmatismo (17,70 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Avaliando-se os erros refrativos com e sem cicloplegia, observou-se alta correlação nas ametropias cilíndricas. Foram desenvolvidas equações matemáticas como fator de correção para refratometrias dos pacientes sem cicloplegia, portadores de ametropias cilíndricas e esféricas.

PURPOSE: To determine a correction factor for refractive errors evaluated without cycloplegy effect. METHODS: A study was made with 623 patients (1,246 eyes) of both sexes, aging between 3 and 40 years old. The dynamic and static refractometries were obtained using the automated refractor Shin-Nippon Accuref-K 9001. 1 percent Cyclopentolate was dropped and the static refractometry was performed in 30 minutes. Data were analyzed using the linear regression model and the multiple regression model of the diopter values with and without cycloplegy effect according to age. RESULTS: The correlation between the astigmatism diopter values with and without cicloplegy ranged from 81.52 percent to 92.27 percent. Analyzing the spherical diopter values, the correlation was lower (53.57 percent to 87.78 percent). The astigmatism axis also revealed low correlation values (28.86 percent to 58.80 percent). The multiple regression model according to age demonstrated multiple determination coefficient with high values for myopia (86.38 percent) and astigmatism (79.79 percent). The lowest multiple determination coefficient was observed for astigmatism axis (17.70 percent). CONCLUSION: It was possible to demonstrate a high correlation in refractive errors with and without cycloplegy effect on the cylindrical ametropies. Mathematical formules, for cylindrical and spherical ametropies, were presented as a correction factor for refraction of the patients not submitted to cycloplegy.

Evaluación de la reproducibilidad de la retinoscopia dinámica monocular de Merchán / Evaluation of the reproducibility of the Merchán monocular dynamic retinoscopy

Objetivo: Evaluar la reproducibilidad de la retinoscopia dinámica monocular y su nivel de acuerdo con la retinoscopia estática binocular y monocular, retinoscopia de Nott y Método Estimado Monocular (MEM). Métodos: Se determinó la reproducibilidad entre los evaluadores y entre los métodos por medio del coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) y se establecieron los límites de acuerdo de Bland y Altman.Resultados: Se evaluaron 126 personas entre 5 y 39 años y se encontró una baja reproducibilidad interexaminador de la retinoscopia dinámica monocular en ambos ojos CCI ojo derecho: 0.49 (IC95% 0.36; 0.51); ojo izquierdo 0.51 (IC95% 0.38; 0.59). El límite de acuerdo entre evaluadores fue ±1.25 D. Al evaluar la reproducibilidad entre la retinoscopia dinámica monocular y la estática se observó que la mayor reproducibilidad se obtuvo con la estática binocular y monocular y, en visión próxima, entre el método estimado monocular y la retinoscopia de Nott. Conclusiones: La retinoscopia dinámica monocular no es una prueba reproducible y presenta diferencias clínicas significativas para determinar el estado refractivo, en cuanto a poder dióptrico y tipo de ametropía, por tanto, no se puede considerar dentro de la batería de exámenes aplicados para determinar diagnósticos y correcciones refractivas tanto en la visión lejana como en la visión próxima.

Objective: To assess the reproducibility of monocular dynamic retinoscopy and its level of agreement with binocular static retinoscopy, the Nott retinoscopy, and the Monocular Estimated Method (MEM). Materials and methods: The reproducibility was determined among evaluators and among the methods through the intraclass coefficient of correlation (ICC) and set the limits of agreement of Bland and Altman. Results: A total of 126 subjects between 5 and 39 years of age were evaluated and low inter-rater reproducibility of the monocular dynamic retinoscopy was found in both eyes: ICC right eye: 0.49 (IC 95% 0.36; 0.61) left eye 0.51 (IC 95% 0.38; 0.59). The limit of agreement between evaluators was ±1.25D. In assessing reproducibility between the monocular dynamic retinoscopy and the static retinoscopy, it was observed that the greatest reproducibility was obtained with the binocular and monocular static retinoscopy and in near vision between the estimated method monocular and Nott retinoscopy. Conclusions: Monocular dynamic retinoscopy is not a reproducible test and presents clinical differences meaningful to determine the refractive state, regarding power dial and type of ametropy; therefore, it could not be considered within the battery of tests used to determine diagnoses and refractive corrections both in distant vision and in near vision.